Having entered the Christmas season, we ask those who find the work of the Mystagogy Resource Center beneficial to them to help us continue our work with a generous financial gift as you are able. As an incentive, we are offering the following booklet.

In 1909 the German philosopher Arthur Drews wrote a book called "The Myth of Christ", which New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman has called "arguably the most influential mythicist book ever produced," arguing that Jesus Christ never existed and was simply a myth influenced by more ancient myths. The reason this book was so influential was because Vladimir Lenin read it and was convinced that Jesus never existed, thus justifying his actions in promoting atheism and suppressing the Orthodox Church in the Soviet Union. Moreover, the ideologues of the Third Reich would go on to implement the views of Drews to create a new "Aryan religion," viewing Jesus as an Aryan figure fighting against Jewish materialism. 

Due to the tremendous influence of this book in his time, George Florovsky viewed the arguments presented therein as very weak and easily refutable, which led him to write a refutation of this text which was published in Russian by the YMCA Press in Paris in 1929. This apologetic brochure titled "Did Christ Live? Historical Evidence of Christ" was one of the first texts of his published to promote his Neopatristic Synthesis, bringing the patristic heritage to modern historical and cultural conditions. With the revival of these views among some in our time, this text is as relevant today as it was when it was written. 

Never before published in English, it is now available for anyone who donates at least $20 to the Mystagogy Resource Center upon request (please specify in your donation that you want the book). Thank you.



August 16, 2011

The Lamentations of the Theotokos In Worship


Slowly it is becoming more of a standard to sing the Lamentations of the Theotokos and set up an Epitaphios with a copy of her body similar to that of the entombed Jesus on Great and Holy Saturday in parishes both within and outside of Greece for the feast of the Dormition on August 15th. Below are some historical notes regarding this tradition.

1) The Lamentations of the Theotokos, like those for Christ on Great and Holy Saturday, are chanted after the 7th Ode before the Exaposteilaria the evening before the feast of the Dormition. This is the proper rule regarding the implementation of these hymns according to Metropolitan Dionysios of Old Patras who wrote these hymns in 1541 when he was at Girokomeio Monastery in Patras. He says further that they are not to be chanted by just anyone or any church, as is often the case today.

2) The Lamentations are not part of the liturgical rule for the feast of the Dormition. They were probably chanted originally at the tomb of the Panagia in Jerusalem. When these hymns began to spread outside of Jerusalem, they were only implemented by shrines which had a special veneration for the Virgin Mary. It seems from Jerusalem the Lamentations spread to the Dodecanese, especially Patmos, and only in the past 25 years or so did they become popular in Greece, and more recently in Greek parishes in the diaspora. One should take seriously the fact, however, that the Lamentations are not chanted neither on Mount Athos nor at the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

3. It was never part of tradition to have a "body" of the Virgin Mary processed in an Epitaphios as it is done with Christ. Dionysios specifically writes in 1541 that the "depiction on the analogion should be the holy icon of the Dormition of the Theotokos." The "body" it seems then is an innovation of recent times together with the procession of the Epitaphios, and should thus not be regarded as part of the tradition.

4. Unfortunately no detailed study exists how the Lamentations were conducted in Jerusalem originally. It is of great interest however that the Lamentations of Christ for Great and Holy Saturday date to the 15th century while those of the Theotokos date to the 16th century. With Patras being under the Ecumenical Patriarchate at the time, as well as all of Greece, it still never adopted the practice of chanting the Lamentations of the Theotokos. In fact, there is no record of the Lamentations being chanted at Girokomeio Monastery in Patras until 1997 when implemented at the all-night vigil for the feast of the Dormition by Metropolitan Nikodemos of Patras.

There is much yet to be researched on this subject.

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