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MYSTAGOGY

MYSTAGOGY
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J.Sanidopoulos
This weblog offers insights and analysis on various matters of life and thought from a 21st century Orthodox Christian perspective, among other things.
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      • Anthropomorphisms of God In Scripture
      • "If Palamas Is A Saint, Then Let Him Drown Us"
      • Saint Gregory Palamas and His Family
      • The Significance of Gregory Palamas for Orthodoxy
      • "You Feed on Men's Flesh and Blood"
      • Influence of the Russian Liturgy (1904)
      • Sermon for the Second Sunday of Great Lent
      • The Novel Ascetic Feat of Thalelaios the Cilician
      • The Baptism and Martyrdom of the Comedic Actor Gel...
      • Sinners Are Without Reality and Without Mind
      • Why Psychiatry Needs Therapy
      • Greek Orthodox Fasting Cleanses Body and Soul
      • Exotic Birds Play a Good Missionary Role
      • Orthodox American Figure Skater Wins Olympic Gold ...
      • The Strange Church of St. Photini in Mantinea
      • Saint John Kalphes the Neomartyr
      • Divine Liturgy Etiquette
      • $1000 If You Name Your Child Muhammad
      • Liberals and Atheists Smarter?
      • A Biochemical Link Between Misery and Death?
      • Sermon for the Friday of the Second Week of Great ...
      • Greek Crisis Is More Spiritual Than Economic
      • World's Oldest Joke Book (4th cent.)
      • Saint Tarasios and the Death of Emperor Leo V
      • Should We Promote Faithlessness in Our Churches?
      • The Ascetic Makarios and Nikos Kazantzakis
      • On Genuine Theology: The Science of Sciences
      • Richard Dawkins And His Faithful Followers
      • Atheists Challenge Darwinism
      • The West Initiated the Dissolution of Greece
      • The Use of Candles in the Orthodox Church
      • Cross Appears in the Skies of Russia
      • Why Do Orthodox Constantly Seek God's Mercy?
      • Explaining Away Jesus’ Resurrection: Hallucination...
      • 1st and 2nd Finding of the Head of John the Baptis...
      • Patriarch Kirill Meets With Greek Prime Minister
      • Prayer & Song for China: St. Nikolai Velimirovich
      • Temple In Turkey Predates Egyptian Pyramids
      • "St. Seraphim of Sarov": Russian Cartoon with Gree...
      • Many Confess, Few Repent
      • Scientific Dictatorships: Aldous Huxley in 1962
      • The Right Hand of Saint Polycarp of Smyrna
      • Saint Polycarp, the Friend of the Apostles
      • To Be A Fool For Christ's Sake
      • Amazing Facts You Never Knew About Yourself
      • Vatican’s WWII Identity Crisis
      • Archaeologist Uncovers Support for King Solomon
      • Orthodoxy and the Russian Armed Forces
      • The Ascetics of Karoulia on Mount Athos
      • The Root Issues of Western Scholasticism
      • Nine Righteous Children Martyrs of Kola
      • Finding of the Relics of Apostles and Martyrs at E...
      • Metropolitan Nicholas Responds to Elton John
      • There Was No "Byzantine" Empire
      • About Fasting and Prayer
      • Fasting Reduces Bad Cholesterol
      • Presidents and the Paranormal
      • TV's Scary Turn
      • Save the Department of Byzantine and Modern Greek ...
      • Top 5 Science Conspiracies, Theories and Hoaxes
      • Is Your Bod Flawed by God?
      • On the Rarity of Brave People Today
      • What Difference Does God Make Today?
      • What is Fortune Telling?
      • Islamic Child Preacher on Egyptian TV
      • Christian Zionism Not Part Of Christian Tradition
      • On the Sunday of Orthodoxy: St. Luke of Crimea
      • The Synodikon of Orthodoxy
      • Sermon for the First Sunday of Great Lent
      • Saint Tikhon: Sermon on the Sunday of Orthodoxy
      • "On The Church" by Fr. John Romanides
      • Are Holy Icons ‘Idols’?
      • Sermon for the First Friday of Great Lent
      • 34 Holy Martyrs of Valaam Monastery
      • A Strange Custom Related to St. Theodore the Tyro
      • Lyudmila Yanukovich – Godmother of Forty Orphans
      • Three Little Bops: A Warner Brothers Conspiracy?
      • Three Miraculous Athonite Akathist Icons
      • The Philanthropy of Saint Philothei the Athenian
      • Woods Apology Clinton-esque
      • Elton John: 'Jesus was a compassionate, super-inte...
      • "Obedience" by St. Nikolai Velimirovich
      • Codex Sinaiticus Controversy Resolved
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      • Dumped But Dispassionate
      • Five Rare Icons Stolen in 1978 Return to Greece
      • A Challenge to Anti-Dialogue 'Fanatics'
      • Defense of Bishop Artemije of Kosovo
      • Religion Among the Millennials
      • Health Benefits of Fasting Seen in Dolphins
      • Sexual Reorientation Therapy: An Orthodox Perspect...
      • "Three Hermits" by Leo Tolstoy
      • Fusing Orthodox and Pentecostal Worship???
      • The Basis of the Acceptance of the Tome of Leo
      • The Strange Teachings of Muhammad
      • Naturalism’s Moral Foundations
      • Skull of St. Bridget Probably Not Authentic
      • The Triumph of Orthodoxy in the Fifth Century
      • A Peaceful Soul Generates a Pure Heart
      • The Gift of Faith and Truth Belongs to the Humble
      • Testimony Regarding Tattoos
      • Russian Cartoon About the Tikhvin Mother of God Ic...
      • Panegyric to Great Martyr Theodore the Tyro
      • Icon of the Mother of God "Tikhvin" on Mt Athos
      • Fr. John Karastamatis' Murderer Denied Parole
      • Myrrh Flows From Icon of St. Evgeny Rodionov
      • Orthodox Cross to be Planted at Southernmost Point...
      • Global Warming Honcho Finally Fesses Up
      • PNAS: Free Will Into the Dumpster
      • Evolution A Fact?
      • Pews vs. Standing: An Orthodox Controversy
      • The Russian Orthodox Church's Growing Power
      • Relations Between Greece and Russia
      • Bulgarian Orthodox Online TV Launched
      • Christ the Artist
      • Sermon for the First Wednesday of Great Lent
      • The Wood Carved Statue of St. George in Kastoria
      • The Health Benefits of Fasting
      • Historical Inaccuracies of the Movie "AGORA"
      • Poll Results for Most Blasphemous Movie
      • St. Nikolai Velimirovich on Fasting
      • Saint Anthimos of Chios (+1960)
      • Clean Monday and It's Traditional Observance
      • Climategate U-Turn's
      • Greece Shows Euro Isn’t Working
      • Study Shows Abstinence Education Works
      • Elder Ephraim of Katounakia
      • "Forgiveness": A Poem by St. Nikolai Velimirovich
      • On Adam's Lament
      • St. Theodore the Studite: Cheesefare Sunday
      • Sunday of Forgiveness: Cheesefare Sunday
      • The Protestant Canon Refuted
      • Cheesefare Saturday: The Ascetic Fathers and Mothe...
      • Saints Martinian the Righteous, With Zoe and Photi...
      • Saint Symeon the Myrrhgusher of Serbia
      • Life Lessons from a Pencil
      • Priest Suspected of Thefts at Monasteries
      • More Russians to Observe Great Lent
      • Heartfelt Appeal to All Romanian Orthodox Abroad
      • Rehabilitating the Memory of Saint Valentine
      • Who Said Orthodox Don't Know How To Party...
      • Greece is NWO Test Ground
      • Trivialization Nation: Are We Devaluing Our Values...
      • Septuagint vs. Masoretic: Which Is More Authentic?...
      • Monotheism and the Origin of Religion
      • Why Christians Are Leaving the Middle East
      • The "Beautiful Dolls" of St. Theodora the Empress
      • 38 Year Old Hindu Converts to Orthodoxy
      • Orthodoxy and Hollywood
      • Saint Theodora the Empress
      • Mixed Martial Arts Champion is a Pious Orthodox
      • Orthodox Liturgical Courtesy to Catholics in the 1...
      • Byzantine-era Street Uncovered In Jerusalem
      • 4th Century Icon of St. Agnes in Rome
      • Shedding Light on the Catacombs of Rome
      • Saint Haralambos and the Demon Possessed
      • Money Can't Buy Happiness...
      • St. Haralambos and the Sacrifice of the Bull
      • Miracle of Saint Haralambos in Filiatra (1943)
      • Paradise and Hell In the Orthodox Tradition
      • Unbelief and the Indifference in Religion
      • That There Are No Contradictions in Holy Scripture...
      • Holy Martyr Nikephoros of Antioch
      • St. Peter of Damascus: Eight Types of Knowledge
      • Elder Paisios' Last Day At the Hospital
      • Fear Evil Like Fire
      • Haitian May Have Survived 4 Weeks in Rubble
      • Two Experiences of Death
      • Greeks in Present-Day Istanbul
      • Contemporary Greece and Westernization
      • Obama's Favorite Theologian: Reinhold Niebuhr
      • The Conundrum of the Parthenon Marbles
      • The Great Martyr Theodore Stratelates
      • Prophet Zechariah the Sickle-Seer
      • Saint Seraphim of Sarov: On Despair
      • Elder Ephraim of Philotheou: On Temptations
      • The Childhood Fasting of Hosios Loukas
      • Hosios Loukas and His Monastery
      • G. K. Chesterton on Religion and Darwinism
      • Angels Appear on Icon to Children in Ukraine
      • Meatfare Sunday: Sunday of the Last Judgment
      • The Sacrifice of Christ as "Expiation"
      • Roots of African Americans
      • Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew in Kalamata
      • Counsels of Sts. Barsanuphius the Great and John t...
      • Critique of Francis Dvornik's "The Photian Schism"...
      • Saturday of Souls
      • Preview of "A Pilgrim's Way" Orthodox Documentary
      • Primordial Soup? Would You Believe...
      • Are Chimps and Humans Really All That Much Alike?
      • Fr. Dumitru Staniloae - Christianity, Science, Phi...
      • LOVE VERSUS FEAR: The Uniqueness of the Orthodox M...
      • Academic Theology is Not Enough for Salvation
      • Egypt Restores St. Anthony's Monastery
      • Sin Is a Fearful Evil, But Not Incurable
      • Ouija Boards Sold as "Toys" - A Good Idea?
      • Benjamin Creme's "Metreiya" is an Unwilling Messia...
      • The Feeling of Fear in Chinese Society
      • A Familiar Image of Orthodoxy in Turkey
      • St. Isidore of Pelusium: On Evil Thoughts
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      • We Ought To Repent for the Sins of Others
      • Elder Paisios and the Pornographer
      • Father Arseny: Fact or Fiction?
      • Where St. Nicholas Planas Liturgized Daily
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      • Ecumenism and Schismatic Old Calendarism
      • The Missionary Example of Saint Nicholas of Japan
      • A Miracle of St. Symeon the God-Receiver
      • Parole Hearing of Fr. John Karastamatis
      • Russian Church to Appoint 400 Priests as Military ...
      • Russian and Catholic Churches Agree on Contemporar...
      • Russian Church Opened 900 New Parishes in 2009
      • Truth or Dare with Dr. Ken Miller
      • The Myth of Byzantine Caesaropapism
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      • Does the Pure One Have Need of Purification?
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      • Rhythms of a Trebizond Pilgrimage
      • Serbian Patriarch Apologizes to Muslims
      • The Newly-Revealed Four Martyrs of Megara
      • The Veneration of St. Tryphon in the Roman Empire
      • Sts. Perpetua, Felicitas and Those With Them
      • Saint Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland
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Thursday, February 4, 2010

The Feeling of Fear in Chinese Society


By Fr Jonah Mourtos

"The people who are in darkness and under the shadow of death."

By living in Taiwan during the founding of the Orthodox Church there, my love for the Chinese people has deepened. I had this feeling as a university student, and by the grace of God, I am able to remain here and officiate the Divine Liturgy. As a result, the grace and the love of God are perceptible in Taiwan.

Having had discussions with various people from Taiwan, whom I met at various times, I realized their unhappiness. This became even more obvious after a remark made by a friend, after he saw wedding photos in some shop windows. I have to explain here that a Chinese wedding takes place in a restaurant; they just eat together, no singing or dancing. The bride changes dresses several times to show that she is rich. The significance of these details will come into play later.

Within the wedding ceremony, there is no concept of mystery. They bow to their ancestors. However, they do take artistic photos before or after the wedding, dressed as brides and bridegrooms, with the most famous sights of the city or countryside as the background.

"But they don't smile!", said my friend, surprised. "There is so much fear deep inside them." Indeed, I have looked at so many wedding photos and they are all the same. This was my first experience with fear in Taiwan.

Little by little, fear started intruding more visibly into my heart, from several hidden places that had been broken and hurt before and had not yet quite healed. I am Chinese now, you see. I love these people so much, I love this place. It feels so familiar that some people continually tell me that I am a reincarnated Chinese. I just smile kindly and explain to them that there are other reasons, too, which can make someone feel this way, apart from being reincarnated. Fear indeed established itself in my heart when I visited the exhibition of Tibetan Buddhism at the Museum of Religions. There my polite friend, the museum's guide, explained about the exhib its: "You see these drums? They are made of the skulls of little children and the membrane is made of their skin. These trumpets are made of human bones, and this lama's uniform is made entirely of human skin and bones, from dead people, of course." I felt something cold and bad. Even afterwards, at the exit, where small commemoratives were sold, something stopped me from buying one. I asked, "What is this little comb made of?" -" Of human bones, of course", the lady said, "everything is made of dead people." -" O. K.", I said, "never mind, I'll buy something another time."

I remembered the verses of T. S. Elliot: But our lot crawls between dry ribs to keep our metaphysics warm (Whispers of Immortality). Then, as if a veil was drawn from in front of my eyes, many things inside me started becoming clear.

Fear governs Chinese society and, generally speaking, Eastern societies. Fear is everywhere. First of all, there is the fear of ghosts. Ghosts are everywhere, and many people have told me that they have seen them. In a hotel, for example, it's very likely to hear someone shouting "ghost!". Everybody will believe it, they will panic, they will burn paper money and will beg the ghost not to hurt them. The phrase "please, don't do any harm to me..... please accept these......" is very typical. At first, I didn't believe them, but now, I am not so sure anymore. I remember the biographies of the martyrs and especially the biographies of the saints of the desert and how the monastery of the Great Lavra was built, on Mount Athos, by St. Athanasios, and so on. Yes, this is a country where evil dominates. Yet, thanks to the people who help the Orthodox mission, the Divine Liturgy takes place here and the grace of God comes to this place.

What are these ghosts? People who died violently, people whose relatives didn't offer them the proper sacrifices. Those who were buried on the wrong date or whose grave is wrongly oriented or upsetting to several devils -out of the many- of the Chinese pantheon. It is obvious how unbearable the domination of nature on the human fate is here. The so- called feng shui (geomancy)- that is the proper combination of the properties of a building, its orientation, illumination, the position of the door or the window, etc.- must be in harmony with the powers which regulate the universe, such as the yin and the yang. Thus, nature dominates the human fate inexorably and it can destroy people's lives without any reason and without any sense.

Going more deeply, to the family, we see the real drama. You must offer the proper sacrifices to the ancestors, about every two weeks. Every family has a special table for this reason at home. If you don't offer your sacrifices in the right way, the soul of the father or the mother will become a hungry ghost and will give you a hard time. It seemed unbelievable to me, a classical Greek thinker. We can’t imagine that the souls of our dead people will try to harm us, even if we don't remember them, or commemorate them correctly. On the contrary, when we are in trouble, we call out to them; we empty our pain to them. Afterwards, I thought that it could be a subconscious reaction of the children towards their ancestors, because of their attitude.

In the Chinese family, there is no private life, you see. "Family" is above everything and everyone, and parents control their children’s life, "padre padrone." They decide what you are going to study and whom you will marry. If they don't like him/ her they turn them down and expect you to marry someone else. Polygamy not only used to be the rule in the past here, but it still is common and wives get to know each other. And, of course, to kiss or stroke children is forbidden. After all this, the parents, hungry ghosts that suck out their children's lives in this world, are projected to be - subconsciously, since nobody dares to do so consciously - ghosts in the other life, too.

Fear is also expressed through the admiration of power. Although I did not want to believe this at the beginning, I accepted it when I visited a temple which is devoted to the founders of modern Chinese democracy, Dr. Sun Yat Sen and Chiang Kai Shek. Their statues were on the altar and people offered sacrifices to them because they had power. Of course, they were definitely important men, but they were not gods. As I was told, in China, many people worship Mao as God, despite the efforts of the government to prevent this. They even pray to dogs and devote temples to them. They worship anything with power, because power counts here.

Gradually, I am trying to uncover the dark and cold story of Chinese fear. Behind all these, the fear of death is hidden. Even when you die you need money and thus they put a lot of money in the pockets of dead people. When you are alive, you must make preparations for your funeral. It has to be a good one and take place at the right time because otherwise, you will become a ghost and torture all those people that you used to torture anyway, during your life on Earth. (The dead person can be kept at home, in the coffin, for 3- 4 months.) Also, you must find and even adopt a boy if you don't have a son, because only male children have the right to bury you. Thus, buying and selling children is very common. If you are an unmarried woman and you die, then a wedding, involving your ghost, takes place. They throw money into the street and the first male person who picks it up is obliged to marry the ghost in a proper wedding ceremony.

In my opinion, the most dramatic element of this fear is the lack of love. It is unbelievable that in such a civilization the expression of love is so rare. It is considered to be very bad, even rude, to say "I love you", even to the person you are going to marry! In fact these words are never said. I attended a university where I learned Chinese. When we learned the word "love", we were also told that Chinese people don't use it. In Japan this word was imported from China, in the 5th century, as it did not exist before then. Why is it that we hear the phrase in songs, soap operas, and TV commercials? Maybe it is because Chinese people don't dare express their emotions. There is neither dancing nor singing. Psychology should have a lot to say about this prohibition and the compulsory behavior of not expressing yourself in China. What about karaoke? It's strange, a kind of prescribed way of sing ing in a limited context, in a closed room. People almost never just sing out spontaneously. Imagine the reaction of the poor taxi driver when our Orthodox Reader Olga and I are in the car and start to sing!

In Taiwan, especially, there is a deep fear of the future. They are afraid that Communist China will attack and destroy everything. This is why they try, by any means, to find a second passport to flee abroad. Very often, this nightmare does not allow you to think longterm about the future of family and/ or business. Marriage here is understood more as a fulfillment of a requirement, as obedience to parents, a financial agreement or a means of survival. It is much less a communion of love between two people, at least as love defined by Christianity. Here, the persons are really closed to themselves; they suffocate from fear of death and insecurity and, eventually, they close themselves off from this life in a grave.

How can you love, then? Persons who are afraid and think only of themselves are literally dead Individualism is death and death leads to fear. As a result, the person lives in the dark, creating vicious circle of death. As St. John the Evangelist says: "The perfect love dismisses fear.... because he who is afraid does not become perfect in love". Yes, there is no love in Chinese society. To be precise, it has never existed, in the Chinese way of thinking. Only Mo Tse, a philosopher who lived around 479- 381 B. C., spoke about universal love, which is different from Christian love. It has a clearly utilitarian character, and is necessary for peace in society and among states. However, this idea has never been accepted. It was also opposed by Confucianism and, generally speaking, was rejected by Chinese society.

When the Chinese people talk about "love", they don't mean what we mean. They have in mind a relationship of profit. They don't even love their god or gods. The way they pray has been a earthshaking experience for me: "Oh, my god, give me money and I will give you a percentage! Help me to win in the lottery and I will give you a part of the money or I will send a woman to dance for you" or something similar. Last year, they brought to Taiwan a small piece of a Buddha's finger for worship, from China. Thousands of people passed by to genuflect. However, I saw a newspaper article in which the head monk who accompanied it said: "Please, don't ask Buddha to help you win in the lottery, ask for peace, etc." People here don't love any god, they can't even think of such a thing. (I am talking about the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people, who believe in a mixture of Buddhism, Taoism, ancestor- worship and superstitions.) These people use their god( s) because it seems to them that they can take advantage of the power the gods have. They invoke god, promising several things, in order to flee from the fear of fate.

This lack of love is tragic. Of course, they try to control fate, through fengshui, that is, geomancy or earthpredictions, the power of crystals, etc. Perhaps the fact that they don't have a relationship of love with their god( s) can explain why the demons and gods in their temples have such ugly and repulsive countenances. Another is their deep guilt that cannot be expressed and cured since they ignore confession. Thus their fear is deepened and they try to buy redemption by donations to the temples. It is the fear of punishment and hell and the threatening faces of the demons in the temples that keep people in fear. The more spiritual people ask only for peace and harmony, because they know what living in fear means. They don't know anything about love. They don't ask to love god. They cannot even imagine it. Besides, according to Confucius and Buddha, seeking god has no meaning. It is not right to wish to find out who god is and, eventually, you will never find out, because searching is wrong. People should care about the present, about today and how they can live better and they should not be interested in something they can't understand. Thus, to love someone you don't know does not have any meaning.

Moreover, this fear becomes deeper because of the hidden psychological consequences of reincarnation, which is the theory that dominates the Far East. I pay for sins that I don't remember and that I committed in another life. I live in a cycle of reincarnations; this law governs my life ruthlessly, because I can't change it. I have to pay. There is no forgiveness and remission. This circle of terror can never be broken. I have my body, but I can't love it. As a Chinese person, I cannot love it since it doesn't have any value. Only the soul has value, yet it is imprisoned in the body.

The influence of reincarnation is one of the most important reasons for the lack of love in Asian people. That is, when a human heart loves, it says to the other person, "I love you forever". But, how can you imagine loving anyone forever, when you know that soon you will be reincarnated into a woman, a man or an animal, and then how many men, women and animals will you love? What is the quality of your relationship, then? Behind all this, the absence of the "person" becomes obvious. This concept does not exist in Chinese society and, generally speaking, in the Eastern societies. Nevertheless, this is the revelation of our God, of the Holy Trinity. It is the revelation of the "person", because only if I am a person can I truly love. For the Eastern people, god is not love; god is anything that has power and that I can take advantage of. Even in Buddhism, which is considered to be the most spiritual expression of the East and which talks about love, there are the so called bodhisattva – those who refuse to become buddhas before they save the world. The notion of love is emotional and not deeply ontological/ existential, because the person -the hypostatic principle/ element, according to Fr. Sofronios- doesn't exist. You must save yourself, this is what matters only, by being absorbed by nirvana (by eliminating yourself in nirvana). The person does not exist, it is just an entirety of continuously changing characteristics. Since there is no person, there is no love.

Feeling love is different than being love. Our God is love, because He is a communion of three persons. He is the Father, not because He loves us, but only because He has a Son, the second person of the Holy Trinity. Buddha did not know anything else other than the human way of life -people in contrast with each other- and he created his theory. However, there is another way of being, the Trinitarian way, the way of being in communion. This is our deepest contribution and missionary method to the Chinese people. Chinese people talk about unity and think of Christianity as a fragmentation, but they live under the heavy shadow of the law of nature and particularly under dualism, the yin and yang theory and energy theories, which don't have any sensible sup port/ basis. The only unity is the communion of persons, which is shown by Trinitarian theology. Because for the Chinese people, the truth is not a person; it has become a mixture of strange, contradictory theories.

The theology of divine light is the only salvation of the Chinese and, generally speaking, Eastern way of thinking, which is really stuck in nature, especially in Japan. It is not harmony, which is the reason that everything is beautiful in nature, but the presence of God, the presence of the divine light. This light changed the clothes of Jesus Christ to light, too, on Mount Tabor, as well as the bush on Mount Sinai. The divine light is the only salvation from the Far Eastern fear of hell, of the horrible hell of the 18 stages (bad teachers are sent to the last stage), because for us, the divine light is the fire of hell.

We have a lot to give to the people of East, even this late in time. When I am asked why I came here, when some Protestant friends of mine ask me why I don't do missionary work (that is to knock on doors, holding the Holy Scriptures, and saying to people "if you don't believe in God, you will go to hell"), I answer that I don't want to convert/ proselytize people, but to give the meaning of love and freedom to them. Only Orthodox theology can offer this. Only in the Divine Liturgy can someone become love and spread it to the others afterwards. Thanks to "St. Kosmas", the Divine Liturgy takes place in Taiwan, in our little church devoted to the Holy Trinity. This is the most important thing in a mission and is why I share my conclusions and my humble thoughts with you. I need your prayers. I live among so many temptations and battles, because of my own mistakes and sins, and in such loneliness.

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Labels: Missions, Orthodoxy in Asia, Paganism and the New Age Movement, Religion: Buddhism
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A Familiar Image of Orthodoxy in Turkey

The first photo below shows the Church of St. Nicholas in Halicarnassus (modern day Bodrum) which was destroyed by dynamite in 1969. The second photo depicts the Center of Adult Education, which was built in the place of the church.



It was reported recently that the Church of St. Nicholas would be turned into a museum. But the question was asked: If the church is going to be restored, why make it into a museum and not an active church?

90% of the residents are in favor of the church being restored. 5000 residents of Bodrum are Muslim and live there year round. One million tourists visit in the summer. Yet, there is no church in the area for all these tourists.

The church was three centuries old. When the Orthodox residents were removed during the population exchange of 1923, the church became a storage place. Before being destroyed in the 1960's, Bodrum started to become a popular tourist destination. There was a debate within the government to keep the church to give tourists a sense of its past. Eventually it was decided that the church was of no significant historical value and thus destroyed. However when the dynamite exploded the central part of the church remained and the awful looking building one sees in the photographs was built around it.

The mayor of Bodrum, Mehmet Kocadon, wants to now destroy this building and restore St. Nicholas and place the Center for Adult Education in another location. Kocadon faces one major issue however: the justification to rebuild this church and gain the license to do so. It is for this reason that he has requested that it become a museum and not an operating church.

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See also this piece about another church in Bodrum to be restored (and most likely turned into a museum).

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St. Isidore of Pelusium: On Evil Thoughts


Commenting on Matthew 15:19 (PG 77, 184-185):

Whence is it that evil thoughts come forth from the heart, and defile a man? Doubtless, because the laborers are asleep who should be keeping watch, so as to safeguard and preserve the fruits of good seed that is growing up. For unless we have weakened in our vigilance, by gluttony and by sloth, defiling the divine image, that is, corrupting the good seed, the sower of tares [the devil] would not have found a way to creep up on us, nor would he have sown within us tares worthy of the fire; that is, "evil thoughts which come forth from the heart and which defile a man".

"Wilt thou that we go and gather it up?" Thus speak the Angels, ever prepared with eager devotion to serve the divine will, as they see our inactivity and sloth, and the infinite forbearance of God. But they are forbidden, lest they uproot the good wheat together with the tares, that is, so that the sinner may not be cut off while in his mind there is yet a possibility of repentance; lest innocent children be destroyed together with their parents, who though perhaps yet in their parents' loins, nevertheless with God, who sees all things, they already are.

For the ranks of the Angels, fellow servants of creation, know not the things that as yet exist not. But God both knows and has wrought because of these very circumstances. For He did not cut off the evil-doing Esau, who had not yet begotten; lest together with him Job might also perish, who from him took descent. Nor did he slay Matthew, who had given himself to the exacting of the tribute, so that He might not thus impede the preaching of the gospel. Neither did He destroy the harlots who served lust and immodesty, lest models of repentance might be wanting. He avenged not Peter's denial, because already He beheld his burning tears of repentance. Nor did he strike down with death the persecuting Saul, lest the ends of the earth be deprived of salvation.

All tares therefore that await the time of the harvest, and do not change themselves into fruits of repentance, are being made ready for the great fire, since they have flowered wholly into fruitlessness. But they whose roots are deep, whose ears of corn are abundant, who are bending over at harvest time with the weight of fruit and all but calling for the sickle of the harvesters, these Christ orders to be carried by the Angels to the heavenly seats, to share their joy, to reign with Him, and be sharers of His immortal happiness, who with the Father and the Holy Spirit liveth and reigneth world without end. Amen.
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On How You Cannot Argue With an Ignorant Person


by St. Isidore of Pelusium (Letter 322 - To Timotheos)

Just as it is not safe to travel through an uninhabited land with a belligerent person, so it is not very easy to have an educated conversation with an ignorant person. The former will unleash his full force on you when you are alone if something is said or done not to his liking, while the latter, unless everything said is dumbed down to his lack of education, will single out for disgrace and ridicule everyone intelligent in the world, including learned philosophers and virtue-loving men. Frequently, people’s lack of letters tends to spread and at the current time you will find it preeminent everywhere. Even the Church is not without its share of it as well as the State and even the empire itself cannot be governed without it. Because of this, our troubles grow and the spirit of slavery has taken hold through the empire. So be very patient with the unlearned person, because you gladly abstain from the mindless, being mindful of our Lord.
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We Ought To Repent for the Sins of Others


by St. Nikolai Velimirovich

Impose upon yourself some form of penance [Epitimia] for the sins of others. If you have judged someone or punished someone, impose upon yourself a form of penance. You should also suffer voluntarily for the sins of sinners. This is pleasing to God. This mystery was known by the saints who condemned themselves for the sins of others. Even non-Christian peoples perceived this mystery. There exists this custom in China: when an executioner beheads a criminal who is sentenced to death, he then approaches the judge and informs him that the verdict was carried out. The judge then reimburses him with a silver coin because he killed the criminal and orders that the executioner be whipped forty lashes because he killed a man. Christian saints profoundly understood the mystery of sin and human injustice. For the saints, all human sin has as long a history as there is distance from us to Adam.
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Elder Paisios and the Pornographer


The elder changed many lives. I once met a man who told me that he used to make a great deal of money showing pornographic films. He was very suspicious of Christianity, and, when he first heard of Elder Paisios, he supposed that he was a charlatan and decided to go to Mount Athos with two of his friends to "expose that monk".

When they arrived, the elder received them in his yard, saying, "Sit down and let me serve you something." The elder served the other two gentlemen first, and then stood in front of the first man and turned the plate upside down, letting the sweet fall in the mud.

"I dropped it," he said, "but that doesn't matter. Pick it up and eat it anyway."

The fellow was insulted: "How do you expect me to eat it when its filthy?"

The elder sternly replied, "And why do you give people filth to eat?"

Stunned, embarrassed, and in some fear, the man got up and left, but he went back again the next day and spoke with the elder. He told me he felt then as though the ground were shifting under his feet. The conversation was brief.

"What am I supposed to do?" he asked.

The elder responded, "First of all, shut down your business, then come back and talk to me again."

He returned to Thessaloniki, closed the business, and began to look for new work.

After about a month he went to speak with Father Paisios, who told him to go to confession and taught him to put his life in order spiritually. I admired the man when I heard this - at just one call to repentance he had changed his life and followed Christ, just like Matthew the tax-collector in the Gospel (Matt. 9:9).

From the book titled The Gurus, the Young Man, and Elder Paisios by Dionysios Farasiotis; p. 75.
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Labels: Great Lent and Holy Week, Modern Saints and Elders, Sexual and Gender Issues
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Wednesday, February 3, 2010

Father Arseny: Fact or Fiction?


January 28, 2010
Length: 31:10

Dr. Bouteneff discusses a pair of books about Father Arseny, Fr. Arseny: Priest, Prisoner, Spiritual Father and Fr. Arseny: Cloud of Witnesses, both of which his mother translated from Russian into English.

Listen to the podcast here.
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Labels: Literature and Book Reviews, Modern Saints and Elders, Orthodoxy in Russia
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Where St. Nicholas Planas Liturgized Daily


In the area of Monastiraki in Athens, across from Hadrian's Library, lies hidden a small church named Agiou Elissaiou (St. Elisha).

It was in this church that St. Nicholas Planas (1851-1932) liturgized daily with the two famous Greek authors from Skiathos, Alexandros Papadiamantis (1851-1911) chanting in the right choir and Alexander Moraitidis (1850-1929) in the left choir.

You can see a video featuring this church here.

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"The Century of the Self" Documentary

The Century of the Self

"This series is about how those in power have used Freud's theories to try and control the dangerous crowd in an age of mass democracy." - Adam Curtis




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Ecumenism and Schismatic Old Calendarism


A Letter by the Blessed Elder Epiphanios Theodoropoulos on the Matter of Ecumenism and Schismatic Old Calendarist Zealotism

Athens, the 22nd July 1971

Dearest Fr. Nicodemos,
Rejoice in Christ Jesus, our Lord.

More than a month has passed since I received your letter. I delayed responding to it, due to an overload of obligations. I beg for your understanding.

I shall reply somewhat briefly, with my promise to revert, in the event that your holiness should require new clarifications.

First of all, dearest Fr. Nicodemos, I am obliged to tell you a bitter truth, which will seem more than absurd to you and will amaze you. Until this day, I have been avoiding, for the sake of oikonomia, to formulate this position, or have expressed it in shadowy terms; however, as things have already reached a point that can go no further and certain select persons, who unfortunately have a terror-stricken conscience, have gone over to the Old Calendarists and have become victims of a relentless propaganda against the Church, it is time that the truth be told, straightforwardly and unreservedly.

Well, Fr. Nicodemos, all those who, out of fear of Ecumenism, accede to the Old Calendarists gain nothing whatsoever, except that by fleeing from one heresy, they accede to another. Of course they themselves are not conscious that they have acceded to a heresy, but that does not change things in the least.

Do not think that I am unfair or immoderate. I will prove that my argument is absolutely true. Please take note.

What is a heresy, dear Fr. Nicodemos? It is an adulteration of the Faith! But what is an adulteration of the Faith? Is it the breaching of Dogmas? That too is an adulteration of the Faith, but it is not only that. An adulteration of the Faith is also the elevating to the status of a Dogma of the Faith those things that are not. That is to say, if someone were to render a secondary thing, even if a good one, as a Dogma of the Faith, as a condition for salvation, then that someone automatically becomes a he-re-tic!

Do you want an example? Well, you have the famous Eustathians! What did they do? Did they breach any Dogmas of the Faith? Which one? Perhaps the one pertaining to the Holy Trinity? Perhaps the one pertaining to the two natures of the Lord? Perhaps the one pertaining to Angels? Perhaps the one on the Devil, etc., etc.? No! They did not violate any Dogma.

But then what did they do? They "elevated" certain secondary things to the level of Dogmas of the Faith, to conditions for salvation: celibacy, and abstaining from meat. The Church had said that although these two things were good and holy and commendable, they were NOT conditions for salvation. They were NOT dogmas of the Faith. "NO!" said the outraged Eustathians! "Whoever does NOT abstain from marriage and meat, CANNOT be saved!"

What happened after this? During the Council of Gangra, the Church declared them as heretics and pronounced a string of anathemas against them.

Dear Fr. Nicodemos, the uniformity in dates of feasts may be a good and holy thing (even though it was never fully upheld in the Church), but it is NOT a Dogma of the Faith - it is NOT a condition for salvation.

"No!" the Old Calendarist remonstrators cry out! "The disruption of feastday uniformity (Question: When did the Church EVER have absolute uniformity in the dates of feast days?) has deprived the Church of God's Grace, and has rendered Her Sacraments VOID (listen, and shudder!) and that subsequently, the New Calendarists are also exempt of Grace - in other words, exempt of salvation. (!!!)

This hideous declaration, brother Nicodemos, constitutes a monstrous heresy and a blasphemy against the Holy Spirit. Those poor wretches have elevated into Dogmas of the Faith and conditions for salvation certain elements relating to....calendrical and feast days!

Of course, no one regards the existence of two calendars in the space of the worldwide Orthodox Catholic Church as a good thing. The change in the Calendar was unfortunate; very unfortunate. But from that point, up to the point of recognizing calendars as Dogmas of the Faith and hinging the authority of the Sacraments and the attainment of salvation from them, the distance became abysmal. The Old Calendarists could have continued to observe the old calendar, but at least continued to preserve their communion with the Church [like the majority of Mount Athos]. That would not have entailed any danger. Instead, they went as far as severing themselves from the Church, for fear of losing Grace and salvation!!!

I am not ignorant of the fact that there are Old Calendarists who do not accept such blasphemies, but what is the use, if there are others, and in fact leaders, who support those heretical views?

Now listen to a dialogue that I had with a choice young man, who had acceded to the Old Calendarists:

-Why did you depart from the Church of Greece?
-So that I wouldn't be in communion with heretic ecumenists.
-Are all the Bishops of Greece ecumenists?
-No! No! But they are in communion with the ecumenist Patriarch, so I don't want to be in communion with persons who are in communion with heretic ecumenists.
-Do you believe that the calendar is a Dogma of the Faith, and that the New Calendarists are exempt from Grace and are in need of re-Chrismation, like those who have returned from heretics?
-God forbid! I in no way believe that nonsense by the Old Calendarists. I acceded to them, for the sole purpose of avoiding even an indirect communion with heretic ecumenists!
-But in no way did you avoid communion with another heresy, because the assertion by the Old Calendarists (that the change in the calendar deprived the Church of Grace) is not a simple piece of nonsense, as you mentioned previously. It is a grave blasphemy and heresy.
-But I don't believe in those things!
-And yet, you are in communion with people who do believe those things!
-What else can I do? I am forced to tolerate them, for the sake of providence.
-Then why didn't you tolerate, likewise for the sake of oikonomia, those Bishops of Greece who were in communion with the Patriarch?
-............(no response).................
-Can you see what kind of quandary you were drawn into? You acknowledge that most of the Bishops of Greece are Orthodox, but you refuse every communion with them because they are in communion with the Patriarch. In this way, you are not accepting communion with ecumenists, even indirectly, but you are accepting a direct - a clearly direct - communion with people who preach another kind of heresy: one that claims salvation is dependent on...calendars!!! So, how exactly have you benefited???
But even so, you should not imagine that you have actually avoided indirect communion with ecumenists.
-And how is that?
-Listen, you poor victim of cunning propagandists: the Old Calendarists will yell until their lungs explode, that even common prayers with the Patriarch (and others who are similarly minded to him) will render us alike to them, even if we don't believe what they preach. Well, if they at least remained consistent to this position of theirs....but consistency is not one of their fine points!

Go dear friend to an Old Calendarist Hermitage, especially the one in Lykovrisi outside Athens [St. Irene Chrysovalantou], and you will see whole busloads of New Calendarists disembarking, all arriving there to attend the Liturgy! I have heard that the New Calendarist church-goers on Sundays by far outnumber the Old Calendarists! In fact, the periodical issued by the said Hermitage has occasionally expressed its request to the "pilgrims" who wish to attend services there to come dressed modestly - men, women and children. However, it makes no mention whatsoever that New Calendarists should not attend there at all; No! The only thing it stresses and is satisfied with is the avoidance of improper attire. This achieved, nothing else is examined. This achieved, the New Calendarists are most welcome to common attendance and common prayer!

I also know of many instances of Old Calendarist Priests who have unconditionally accepted New Calendarists into the Sacraments of Confession, and even of Holy Communion. In other words, we have here an offering of the Sacraments to persons who at other moments are characterized by the Old Calendarist leaders as being "far from the truth and salvation", simply because they belong to the Church of Greece, which is in communion with the Patriarch! What a mess, and what an anomaly!

So, if those who are like-minded to you are in common prayer and communion with us, who are in common prayer and communion with the Patriarch, then you are still in indirect communion with the Patriarch! So, what did you gain? You have not avoided indirect communion with ecumenists, and you have also been led into a direct communion with persons who preach another kind of heresy!


These are the things that were said with that young man at the time. I am repeating them, so that you can extrapolate certain conclusions, dear Fr. Nicodemos.

And here are some brief answers to your questions:

1. It was a huge "blunder" on the part of Philaretos, when he recognized the Old Calendarists in Greece. He most probably fell victim to bad counsel. Some information has reached my ears that he has regretted doing what he did, after having met the Old Calendarists in Greece. But time will tell. I believe that there will be developments.

At any rate, in my opinion the Church of Greece is anything but heretical; the decision reached by Philaretos' Synod is not only lacking in authority, but also, inasmuch as it is an entirely anti-canonical intervention in the internal affairs of another co-believing Church, it has triggered canonical responsibilities for the said Synod.

2. If Philaretos had believed that the Church of Greece had fallen into heresy, then he could have intervened. However, it was his duty not to recognize the Old Calendarists (who, although not ecumenists, nevertheless preach another kind of heresy as I mentioned earlier, ie., that salvation is dependent on calendars), but instead, to ordain Priests (or even Bishops) anew, to man the Church of Greece. Those Priests could follow the old calendar, but not preach the aforementioned heretical view, and they would also accept communion with those faithful who followed the new calendar, exactly as Philaretos does.

3. The present situation (common prayers, innovations, etc.) does not justify the "crossing of boundaries". Only a Church that falls into heresy can give the right to "extra-territorial" Bishops to intervene.

4. If an Orthodox Synod condemns someone, it is not permitted for the Synod of any other Local Church to acquit him. If this should happen, the second decision is void. In other words, if a Clergyman of the Church of Greece is condemned by it and he appeals to another Church - for example, the Church of Serbia - and asks to be judged by it, the Church of Serbia will reject his demand, stating that it is entirely unauthorized to respond and that only the Church of Greece has such jurisdiction. However, if the Church of Serbia were to respond to that demand and judge the Clergyman in question, then its decision - for having been issued in spite of Canons - is void in every way and also incurs canonical responsibilities.

If the misdemeanours of that Clergyman do not constitute an impediment to Priesthood and he later repents for them, then the only one who is authorized to reinstate him is again the Church of Greece. It has never been permitted to an Orthodox Church to intervene in the internal affairs of another.

Of course it is an entirely different matter, if one Local Orthodox Church requests assistance from another Local Church or Churches in order to solve an internal problem that it may have. In that case, it is not considered an arbitrary intervention, but rather solidarity support.

Only an Ecumenical Synod - as the supreme Authority - is entitled to intervene in the internal affairs of a Local Orthodox Church and regulate them according to its discernment. For instance, if a Clergyman of a Local Church (in fact its Primate) believes he has been unjustly condemned, it is possible for him to resort to petitions towards other Local Orthodox Churches, and after narrating his undeserved adventure, ask for justice to be rendered. In the event that the other Churches find his complaints valid, they can go as far as convening a Great Synod, whose decision will be binding for everyone. Unilateral intervention by one Local Church into the internal affairs of another one is inadmissible.

But it is understood that all of the above apply to Local Orthodox Churches, and not to heretics.

5. The word "void" - when in reference to Sacraments - at times characterizes the entirely unsubstantial (that is, nonexistent) Sacraments, and elsewhere, the existent ones which however have been performed anti-canonically. This depends on what inference we give to the word "void".

6. A returning "zealot" can, through lenience, become re-accepted, even with a simple Confession before a Spiritual Father. If that zealot is a Clergyman, he must ask his proper Bishop for his reinstatement, through the canonical procedure. Changing posts (going from one Old Calendar group to another) "from time to time" indicates an obvious inconstancy; unfortunately, this is a customary tendency with Old Calendarists.

7. Undoubtedly, one cannot be dedicated to "both the one side and the other" simultaneously. It is an entirely different matter if, by resorting to oikonomia, the one side shows tolerance to the other, in the hope of finally drawing them towards the straight path.

8. If someone is very simpleminded and cannot perceive certain things, but does not persist in his fallacious positions by being opinionated, stubborn etc., and is merely simpleminded, it is quite possible for him to acquire bounteous Grace from God. God's judgments are unfathomable.

There have been cases in which wise persons of the Church had fallen into fallacies; and yet, the God Who examines the heart and not the appearance, did not judge them as undeserving of His favour. The great Gregory, the Bishop of Nyssa, was not without certain dogmatic fallacies. And yet, he is a saint and a Father of the Church. Likewise, the divine Dionysios of Alexandria, when theologizing on the Son, had not expressed himself with dogmatic accuracy, which is why he had, inadvertently, given many footholds to the Arians who thereafter invoked him. Because of this, Athanasius the Great was compelled to write an entire treatise on Saint Dionysios, in order to elucidate his dogmatically pointless expressions.

9. We can of course have congenial relations with "zealots"; but we are not permitted to receive Sacraments from them. However, if they are, as you write, in communion with our Church, then the situation is different. But, honestly, are there "zealots" who are in communion with our Church?

10. Unfortunately, the return to the old calendar is not an easy thing in the Church of Greece. It may even be impossible. But even if it were possible, do not ever imagine that all the Old Calendarists would then submit themselves to the Church. Most of the Old Calendarist Clergymen prefer to be unrestrained and would never acquiesce to be under a yoke and under control. They would find a thousand and one "arguments" to justify their persevering in mutiny. They would say for example that the Bishops are Masons, and the suchlike. I am well acquainted with many Clergymen of the Old Calendarists. One of the leaders of an Old Calendarist group had said to me several years ago: "I dare not impose even ten days of restricted duty to any of my clerics. They will 'go to the others', they tell me..." (he meant to another Old Calendarist group). From this, you can get an idea of what kind of willingness for canonical discipline exists among the Old Calendarist Clergy - with the exclusion of a few exceptions.

11. The positions outlined in the "Epistolary Diatribe" apply only if our Church is Orthodox, and not heretic. To "wish it health" is a very broad statement. We cannot ask for absolute health (canonical, administrative, moral, etc.) of the Church, since it is comprised of imperfect and sinful people. It would be ideal if it could enjoy health in all its aspects, but is that possible? So, as long as it is Orthodox and not heretic, we can consider this as being sufficient. Far be it for me to characterize the Church of Greece as...heretic!!! If others are so comfortable in undertaking such a scary responsibility (that is, to characterize an Orthodox, Local Church as "heretic"), let them do so.

12-13. The Orthodox should undoubtedly NOT pray together or have any other religious ties with heretics (Papists, Protestants, etc. - The same applies in the case of schismatics). But if one were to pray together, or be otherwise in communion with, heretics, they would of course be violators of the Holy Canons and deserving of ecclesiastical penalties; however, they would not be considered as heretics automatically. It is quite possible that in such cases, one can believe in an Orthodox manner, disapprove of all other teachings, and yet, not consider religious contacts with heterodox as something bad. This kind of person is, I repeat, a formidable violator of sacred Canons, but he is NOT a heretic. However, if this is not enough for him, and he also preaches heretic beliefs, then the whole issue is entirely different. This behaviour would render him a heretic. He is a heretic, because he is preaching heretical beliefs - even if he has no communion whatsoever with other heretics.

However, there are two kinds of heretics: Those whom the Church has put on trial and has convicted and excised from Her Body, and those who have neither been convicted as yet by the Church, nor have left the Church of their own volition, but instead have remained in the Body of the Church. One such case is the case of the Patriarch. Patriarch Athenagoras has preached heretical beliefs. But he has not been convicted yet by the Church, nor has he renounced the Church and removed himself from Her. He has remained inside the Church and continues to minister inside the Church and consequently, he is still a channel of Grace; He performs Sacraments.

What can we do?

a) Pray for him to recover and repent.

b) Protest against him and keep struggling. If someone's conscience cannot tolerate the commemoration of his name, he has the right, by proceeding even further, to cease commemorating him, in compliance with Canon 15 of the 1st-2nd Synod. However, this is the furthermost step that he can take, if he does not want to reach the point of schism or mutiny. In other words, when ceasing to commemorate him, he will not commemorate another Bishop; instead, he will wait, as mentioned earlier in my "Epistolary Diatribe", with a calm conscience, for the judgment of a Synod.

Another problem: How will those who cease a commemoration behave towards the Patriarch? Because those who are in communion with the Patriarch are two categories: (a) those that have the same views as him (as do Iakovos of America, Meliton of Chalcedon etc.) and (b) those that disagree with his views (as do almost all the Hierarchs of the Church of Greece). They will behave towards the former (category a) the way they behave towards the Patriarch, but to the others (category b), even if this category is in communion with the Patriarch, they cannot behave similarly; in other words, they cannot go as far as ceasing to commemorate them (category b). According to the sacred Canons, it is not permitted to avoid communion with them. The Holy Canons give the right to cease commemoration, only of a Bishop or Patriarch who preaches heretic teachings. They do not give the right to also cease the commemoration of those who - albeit Orthodox - tolerate him.

This point is to be observed very carefully! We have a duty to discern between the two situations: There is a difference between one who preaches heretical beliefs, and one who believes and teaches in an Orthodox manner but for the sake of dispensation (oikonomia) tolerates and maintains communion with him.

Also, there is a difference between one who preaches heretical beliefs but does not remove himself from the Church (nor is excised by the Church), and one who leaves the Church on his own initiative (and founds his own "church" or accedes to another, heretical or schismatic one), or who has been excised by the Church, pursuant to a trial and conviction. It is with the second kind that every Orthodox must have no communion whatsoever. However, communion with the first kind (until he has been convicted) is left, by the sacred Canons, to the discretion of each Orthodox faithful.

In other words, we have the right, that has been provided by the sacred Canons, to cease a commemoration, but we are not bound to do so. As a consequence, if one were to utilize this right and cease a commemoration, he has the right to do so, and should not be censured by the others. If, upon weighing various factors, another were to deem preferable to not utilize this right, but instead await a "Synodic diagnosis", he will not be reprehensible, let alone be regarded as deserving excommunication! One could apply here, adjusted accordingly, the words by the Apostle Paul: "Let not the one who commemorates debilitate the one who does not commemorate, nor the one who does not commemorate judge the one who commemorates" (Rom.14:3).

Then, you might ask, what do we gain by avoiding commemoration of the Patriarch, if we are going to be in communion with, say, the Bishop of Druinoupolis, who does commemorate the Patriarch? Will we not be thus "polluted", by being in indirect communion with the one who preaches heretic beliefs?

However, the cessation of commemoration "prior to a Synodic diagnosis" and conviction was not intended for averting "pollution" (by the heresy that is being preached)! No, my brother! If that were its meaning, then the Canons would not have merely provided the right to cease a commemoration (for reasons of heresy) "prior to a Synodic diagnosis"; they would have instituted an explicit and clear prohibition, at the risk of very severe penalties if it is not observed.

The cessation of commemoration for reasons of heresy "prior to a Synodic diagnosis" has a different meaning. It is a strong, but also a last resort protest of the Orthodox conscience; it provides an outlet for those who become scandalized, and at the same time aspires to creating a disturbance, so that the Church might hasten to settle the matter.

There is no danger of becoming polluted, either by commemorating the Patriarch (if he has not yet been convicted), or, even more so, if we accept to be in communion with those who commemorate him. Statements to the contrary are nothing more than foolish "zealotisms".

Saint Cyril of Jerusalem was not polluted, even though he had been ordained a Bishop by the Metropolitan Akakios of Caesaria, who, albeit a self-declared Arian (and in fact the leader of a portion of Arians), continued to remain and to minister in the Church. Saint Anatolius had also been ordained a Bishop (and as a matter of fact, Patriarch of Constantinople), by the Patriarch Dioscorus of Alexandria, who was a Monophysite and a mighty protector of the heresy leader Eutyches, but who had not yet been convicted by the Fourth Ecumenical Synod. So, if an ordination by Bishops preaching heretical beliefs (but not convicted Synodically and still remaining in the Church) does not pollute, then neither does the commemoration of them pollute, and even less so does communion with persons who tolerate them for the sake of oikonomia and who continue to uphold the commemoration thereof.

The Old Calendarists, albeit "not comprehending, either those things that are said, or what they are reassuring", assert completely opposite things. (see also the book by Theodoretus Mavros). This being the case, those poor wretches must also be "polluted". Why? Because, as mentioned previously, they too (despite their theoretical proclamations - or, more correctly, in a vociferous and tragic contradiction to them), have in practice accepted communion (through common prayers and the administering of Sacraments) with persons who belong to the Church of Greece, which is in communion with the Patriarch! Hence?????

If they wanted to be consistent, they should not be accepting church attendance by even one single member of the Greek Church (let alone accept them for Confession or Holy Communion), if they haven't previously declared that they have departed from the Church of Greece and have acceded with repentance to their "church". Instead, these groups fearlessly and unhesitatingly attend church together, pray together, and participate together in Sacraments, with entire crowds of "New Calendarists" in their Old Calendarist Temples, and even in their monastic Retreats.

Do all these things sound like moral consistency? Are they morally permissible? Are they canonically acceptable things? Are they, finally, actions of honesty? They may quite possibly say that they are doing this "for the sake of dispensation" (oikonomia). But then why create schisms and divisions and partitions and wounds in the Body of the Church? If, by going to the Old Calendarists, they will be again praying together with those who are in communion with the Patriarch, why not remain in the Church of Greece and tolerate "for the sake of dispensation" the Patriarch and those who are aligned with his beliefs? In this way, they would be "dispensationally" tolerating only one heresy: Ecumenism; but, by going over to the Old Calendarists, they would be tolerating two: Ecumenism (given that Old Calendarists pray together with New Calendarists who are in communion with the Patriarch), and Greek Old Calendarism, which preaches the heresy that calendars and feast-dates are conditions for one's Salvation!

I am specifically saying "Greek Old Calendarism", because I have no intention of condemning the per se old calendar which so many Orthodox Churches observe, but the heretical exaggerations that the Greek Old Calendarists have mindlessly embraced. Apart from the other reasons, this is why I am so afraid and terrified of mutinies and schisms - their lot is unavoidably this: they finally end up supporting positions that are entirely heretical!

These, most beloved Fr.Nicodemos, are the things that I wanted to write to you and your sacred and God-loving Escorts. And I have written to you "out of much grief and a restrained heart" (2 Cor.2:4). The entire state of the Orthodox Church is currently a very grievous one. Perhaps, in the end, certain serious adventures will not be avoided.

Let us be attentive! With humility, with prayer, with fasting, with solemnity, let us ask for enlightenment by the Lord, on how we must tread during the oncoming developments. The Church is faced with double trouble: on the one hand, there is satanically-driven Ecumenism, and on the other hand, there is soul-devastating Fanaticism, which eventually leads to horrific blasphemies and heresies and obscures the truth. Let us be fearful of both and flee from both. We must not deviate to the right or to the left. Let us walk along the middle and "royal" path, which is the path of unadulterated Orthodoxy that knows how to safeguard precision (akrivia) and is also aware of the displays of dispensation (oikonomia).

Rejoice, brother! And I shall again say "rejoice!" Rejoice, in the midst of every grief and every affliction. For Jesus "surrendered Himself for our sins, and was risen for our vindication" (Rom.4:25).

I beg you all to beseech the Lord to have mercy on my wretchedness also, for I am in a diverse struggle. I grieve about everything. "On the outside, battles; on the inside, fears." (2 Cor. 7:5 - interpretation by P.Trembelas).

Always willing for every kind of assistance, and invoking prayers by you all, I remain, with profound love and honour, in Christ Jesus our Lord.

Source: Taken from the book: The Two Extremes - Ecumenism and Zealotism.
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The Missionary Example of Saint Nicholas of Japan

St. Nicholas of Japan (Feast Day - February 3)

Saint Nicholas of Japan was a unique and notable example to all Orthodox Christian missionaries.

First, he threw himself wholeheartedly into understanding the language and culture. When he was found reading non-Japanese books, his Archbishop rebuked him, and he resolved to only read Japanese literature. He got out into the community and listened to Buddhist and Shinto storytellers and preachers. He researched the history of Japan. He knew it better than most Japanese.

Second, he took the long view. He spent eight years researching the Japanese language and culture. His first convert came after four years of study. Taking the long view also means delegation. In 1869 - five years after the first convert! - he handed over his congregation to another missioner. Having established one congregation, he moved to Tokyo to set up another. This pattern of establishing, delegating and moving on marked his ministry.

Third, he understood the people. His first convert was a samurai called Sawabe. Takuma Sawabe was an ultra-nationalist - one of the kinds of people in the black minivans that we would shy away from these days - who regarded the Russian Consulate as symbolic of all of the problems of opening up the country to foreigners. When Sawabe came to the Consulate, sword drawn, ready to kill Nikolai, Nikolai knew to appeal to his samurai nature:

"Why are you angry at me?" Fr. Nicholas asked Sawabe.

"All you foreigners must die. You have come here to spy on our country and even worse, you are harming Japan with your preaching," answered Sawabe.

"But do you know what I preach?" Nicholas replied.

"No, I don't," he answered.

"Then how can you judge, much less condemn something you know nothing about? Is it just to defame something you do not know? First listen to me, and then judge. If what you hear is bad, then throw us out."

Sawabe did listen to him, and was persuaded through his words and through the Holy Spirit working in him. Nikolai knew how to make Sawabe listen. How many of us today can honestly say that we know how to make Japanese people listen to us and our message?

Fr. Paul Sawabe

Fourth, he was committed to his people. This is a matter of integrity. He needed the Japanese people to know that he was on their side. Many missionaries take the option of relying on their home countries when things get tough, but Nikolai was absolutely sold out for Japan, and his congregation knew his love through his dedication to them. When Japan and Russia went to war, many of his own congregation urged him to go back home. (Remember that he came to Japan under the auspices of the Russian Consulate in Japan.) But he refused; he needed to serve and be with his people. At the same time, he found ways to minister to Russian prisoners of war in Japan.

Finally, he was quick to delegate, as we have already alluded to. When Paul Sawabe begun to believe, he brought three friends along to hear Nikolai's preaching. Nikolai left the four original believers to go and do their own discipleship, and one year later there were 12 baptised, and 25 of what we would now call "seekers". Fifteen years after this, the church was four thousand strong. To make this work would require yet further delegation, and so he began the process of ordaining Japanese clergy. By the time he came to celebrate fifty years of his mission, there were 43 clergy ordained and 121 lay preachers. And let's remember that five years after having a church of one, he passed it on and moved on to Tokyo. He knew that if he was going to reach the whole of Japan, he could not confine himself to one area for the whole of his missionary life.

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A Miracle of St. Symeon the God-Receiver


by St. Nikolai Velimirovich

How great a glory in heaven befitted St. Symeon the Receiver of God, who held the Savior of the world in his hands, which the following incident clearly shows as, related in the hagiography of St. Peter the Athonite (June 12).

As a commander during a battle, Peter was enslaved, chained and cast into prison in the town of Samara on the shores of the Euphrates River. Languishing in prison for along time Peter, in tears, prayed to St. Nicholas to beseech God on his behalf to liberate him from prison, promising that he will completely dedicate himself to God. St. Nicholas appeared to him in a dream and told him that although he [St. Nicholas] prays to God on his behalf, God delays his deliverance because he [Peter] earlier made a similar vow to God and did not keep it. And further, St. Nicholas counseled Peter that he ought to pray to St. Symeon the God-Receiver "who is very mighty before God and stands close to the Throne of God together with the All-Holy Virgin and St. John the Forerunner."

Peter heeded the counsel of St. Nicholas and proceeded to pray to St. Symeon. Again St. Nicholas appeared to him, together with St. Symeon, not in a dream but in reality. Peter saw Symeon glorious in appearance, face glowing, and attired in the vestments of an Old Testament priest with a golden staff in his hand. St. Symeon said to Peter: "Do you want to fulfill the vow and become a monk?" To that, Peter replied: "Yes master, with God's help." Symeon then touched Peter's chains with his staff and the chains melted like wax. Opening the doors of the dungeon, the saint led Peter from prison.

Apolytikion in the First Tone
Hail Virgin Theotokos full of Grace, for Christ our God, the Sun of Righteousness, has dawned from you, granting light to those in darkness. And you, O Righteous Elder, rejoice, taking in your arms, the Deliverance of our souls, who grants us Resurrection.

Kontakion in the First Tone
Your birth sanctified a Virgin's womb and properly blessed the hands of Symeon. Having now come and saved us O Christ our God, give peace to Your commonwealth in troubled times and strengthen those in authority, whom You love, as only the loving One.
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Parole Hearing of Fr. John Karastamatis


Parole Hearing Stirs Memories of the Murder of the Santa Cruz Greek Orthodox Church's First Priest

Santa Cruz Sentinel
February 1, 2010
By Jennifer Squires

SANTA CRUZ -- It's been nearly 25 years since Foti Karastamatis found his father bludgeoned and stabbed to death outside the office of The Prophet Elias Greek Orthodox Church in downtown.

Now in his 40s with children of his own and living thousands of miles away, the son of priest John Karastamatis, who was instrumental in establishing the Greek Orthodox community in Santa Cruz, only returns to the Central Coast every four or five years so he can speak at the parole hearing of the parishioner who killed his dad.

He'll make that trip again next week.

Edward Bowman, now 62, pleaded no contest to first-degree murder and is serving a sentence of 25 years to life for the brutal slaying of the 47-year-old priest. His third opportunity for parole is Feb. 8.

The victim's son and other relatives plan to be at the hearing to advocate against Bowman's release.

"I wouldn't miss it for the world," Foti Karastamatis said during a phone interview last week from his home in the Southeast. "I certainly don't think the world's going to be a better place if he's released. I know he has no remorse. ... He's still making up stories as to why he did it."

He built the church

Sentinel articles from the mid-1980s describe Karastamatis as exuberant, ever-smiling and the heart of the local Greek community.

The cleric, born on the Greek island of Andros in 1937, came to Santa Cruz as a visiting priest, back when Prophet Elias Greek Orthodox Church borrowed chapel space at other churches for its services.

Edward Bowman

While growing the congregation, Karastamatis also helped build a permanent home for the church.

"My father put his blood, sweat and tears in. You've got all of that there and more," said Foti Karastamatis. "With the help of some parishioners and myself, he literally built the whole inside of the that church."

In 1982, Prophet Elias moved into an old mortuary at Church and Center streets and Karastamatis was appointed as its presbyter.

Karastamatis recited mass in Greek and English. He gave services in area parks, filling the open air with the sound of Byzantine chants, and welcomed newcomers -- from street people to college students -- into the church, according to Sentinel archives and the publication The Orthodox Word.

A quarter-century after his death at age 47, Karastamatis' memory remains dear to many, and his widow, Anastasia, remains active at Prophet Elias.

"Some would say she's the driving force behind the church," Foti Karastamatis said.

There is an international campaign to keep his killer behind bars.

Karastamatis' two grandsons, who never met their grandfather, have used Facebook to build support. Their group, "Justice for Father John Karastamatis," has drawn more than 1,200 members since it was launched in January and dozens have posted that they sent statements to the Parole Board advocating against Bowman's release.

Assistant District Attorney Jeff Rosell, who will represent the Santa Cruz County District Attorney's Office at the parole hearing, said he's received letters from friends, relatives and police who worked the case.

"I think he's a dangerous person who could easily come out and commit violence and do horrible things to whoever crosses his path," Rosell said.


Anna Bowman

They butchered my father

Bowman and his wife, Anna, were accused of beating the priest with a fish whacker, a club used by fishermen, and stabbing him several times late on May 19, 1985. Then the couple went home and welcomed Karastamatis' son into their house.

"I was at their house 10 minutes after they butchered my father and I didn't even know it," said Foti Karastamatis, who was 17 at the time.

"I was their perfect alibi."

He returned to the church -- where he, his father and mother lived -- to find his father's bloody body in the hallway.

"That was the most horrific crime scene in the history of Santa Cruz, if you ask the officers who were there," Foti Karastamatis said. "That was, literally, the fight of his life."

The murder confounded detectives for months. One later described it as "a real, real murder mystery," according to Sentinel archives.

The priest's son said he suspected the Bowmans early on.

The investigation homed in on the couple in December 1985, and a Santa Cruz police detective went to their River Street home to speak with Anna Bowman, who had been Karastamatis' volunteer secretary. But the case took a bizarre twist when she shot at the officers through the door. During the six-hour standoff -- with nearly every Santa Cruz police officer surrounding the house -- the 43-year-old fatally shot herself, according to Sentinel archives.

From that point, Edward Bowman, a former taxi driver, was the prime suspect. He was arrested in January 1986.


Anastasia Karastamatis

While the district attorney contended Karastamatis was murdered because he interrupted the Bowmans as they burglarized the church, the defense made allegations of sexual misconduct against the priest.

"It was all lies. It was all smoke screens," said Foti Karastamatis, adding that the sensational reports from court hurt his family even more.

Weeks before his trial was set to begin, Bowman pleaded no contest to first-degree murder, sparing him the possibility of being sentenced to death or life without parole.

"Who would have ever thought this would have happened to my father? Who could have ever imagined this?" the priest's son said. "We did everything right for these people. We befriended them and it destroyed a huge part of our family."

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Russian Church to Appoint 400 Priests as Military Chaplains


Moscow, February 3, Interfax - The Russian Orthodox Church will appoint about 400 priests for service as armed forces chaplains in fulfillment of a directive of the chief of the General Staff late last year that instituted chaplaincy positions in the military, the website of Patriarch Kirill cited the Primate as saying.

There is a plan to set up centers to provide clergy with three-month training for chaplaincy service, the Patriarch told a Bishops' Meeting in Moscow.

The clergy to be sent to the military will include both clerics with experience of service in the armed forces and young priests who are fit to serve in field conditions.

Under a directive by the chief of the General Staff effective from December 1, 2009, the commander of an armed forces unit is to have a civilian aide who is a cleric and ministers to religious servicemen.

Russian military units abroad have become the first to acquire chaplains - 13 priests went to serve there in December.

The command of the North Caucasus Military District had a military clergy department set up in October 2009. Patriarch Kirill asked the bishops of the Southern Federal District to name candidates to fill 30 chaplaincy positions in the district's military units.

The Armed Forces Sociological Center says more than 70% of Russia's military personnel consider themselves religious. About 80% of them identify themselves as Orthodox Christians, about 13% as Muslims, about 3% as Buddhists, and 4% as followers of other faiths. There are 530 churches on the premises of military units.
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Posted by J.Sanidopoulos at 10:27 AM 1 comment: Links to this post
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Labels: Balkans and Russia, Orthodoxy in Russia
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Russian and Catholic Churches Agree on Contemporary Issues


Russian Church, Pope Agree On Many Contemporary Issues

Moscow, February 2, Interfax - When it comes to fighting today's challenges, the Catholic Church and the Russian Orthodox Church stand side-by-side on a number of issues, said Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia.

"We [together with the Roman Catholic Church] have similar positions on many problems facing Christians in the modern world. They include aggressive secularization, globalization, and the erosion of the traditional moral principles. It should be noted that on these issues Pope Benedict XVI has taken a stance close to the Orthodox one," the Patriarch said at the Bishops' Meeting in Moscow on Tuesday.

There are growing differences with Protestant denominations, he said. Over the recent years, "the Russian Church has seen less protestant communities cooperating in the cause of preserving the Christian legacy" due to "the relentless liberalization of the Protestant world," the Patriarch said.

"Alas, not only have they failed to conduct a real propagation of the Christian values among the secular society, many Protestant communities prefer to adjust to its standards," said Patriarch Kirill, recalling, in particular, the recent election of female bishop Margot Kassmann as head of the Evangelical Church in Germany.

In a dialog with Protestants, the Orthodox Church should search for the very possibility of overcoming fundamental differences, and if that proves impossible, "there remains many other important issues, not directly related with achieving unity in faith and the ecumenical structure, but important in terms of cooperating for the sake of peace, justice, preserving the Divine Creation and in solving other problems that require joint efforts from the people who believe in the Holy Trinity," the Patriarch said.
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Posted by J.Sanidopoulos at 10:20 AM No comments: Links to this post
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Labels: Catholicism and Papacy, Ecumenism, Ethical and Moral Issues, Orthodoxy in Russia, Protestantism
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Russian Church Opened 900 New Parishes in 2009


Moscow, February 2, Interfax – For the recent year, the Moscow Patriarchate has opened 900 new parishes, while total number of clerics has grown to more than 1.5 thousand.

Patriarch Kirill voiced the statistical data on the Russian Orthodox Church on Tuesday at a Bishops’ Meeting in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.

Today the Russian Church has 30,142 parishes (in December 2008 their number equaled to 29,263), 160 dioceses (compared to 157 last year), 207 bishops (compared to 203), total number of clerics is 32,266 people (compared to 30,670.)

When the 1000th anniversary of Russia’s Baptism was celebrated in 1988, the Moscow Patriarchate had 6893 parishes, 76 dioceses, 74 hierarchs and total number of clerics made 7397 people.

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Labels: Balkans and Russia, Orthodoxy in Russia
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Truth or Dare with Dr. Ken Miller


Casey Luskin, Intelligent Design defender over at Evolution News and Views, has posted excerpts of a lecture guide to the claims of theistic evolutionist Dr. Ken Miller over the past few months. The purpose of this guide is to give an alternative viewpoint on many of Ken Miller’s arguments and to help critically evaluate his claims. Now that the guide is complete (and available for download below), we can learn more about the debate over ID and Evolution and think critically about Professor Miller’s arguments.

The segments of this guide have included:

I. Science and Religion: Is Evolution “Random and Undirected”?

II. Misrepresenting the Definition of Intelligent Design

III. Confusing Evidence for Common Ancestry With Evidence for Darwinian Evolution

IV. The Name-Dropping Approach to Transitional Fossils

V. Spinning Tales About the Bacterial Flagellum

VI. Misrepresenting Michael Behe’s Arguments for Irreducible Complexity of the Blood Clotting Cascade

VII. Ken Miller and the Evolution of the Immune System: “Not Good Enough”?

Truth or Dare with Dr. Ken Miller: A Lecture Guide to the Anti-Intelligent Design Claims by Dr. Kenneth Miller (Full Text: PDF)

by Casey Luskin

The Darwinian educational establishment doesn’t make it easy for you to become objectively informed on the topic of evolution and intelligent design, but with a little work on your own, it can be done. If you want to base your views on a full and complete understanding of the scientific evidence, you will need to pro-actively research and investigate the pro-ID arguments that many of your faculty may be opposing, misrepresenting, or perhaps even outright censoring. Yes, take courses advocating evolution. But also read material from credible Darwin skeptics to learn about other viewpoints. Only then can you truly make up your mind in an informed fashion.

With a little proactive self-education, critical thinking, and patience, you can keep yourself informed in this debate. Many of the websites listed below contain helpful information and resources about evolution and intelligent design.

I hope this guide is helpful and wish you the best as you explore this exciting and challenging debate.
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Posted by J.Sanidopoulos at 9:24 AM 4 comments: Links to this post
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Labels: Science-Intelligent Design-Darwinism
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Tuesday, February 2, 2010

The Myth of Byzantine Caesaropapism


[This is a response to the following piece titled The Real Islam, Ctd which made the following statement: "You could argue, in fact, that Constantine’s adoption of Christianity as a state religion was an original sin from which Christianity has still not recovered." - J.S.]

Constantine And Christianity

February 1st, 2010
by Daniel Larison
The American Conservative

You could argue this, but it would have no basis in fact. This may seem a minor point, but the misunderstanding of Constantine’s relationship to Christianity is a common and very frustrating one. Regardless of what one thinks Constantine’s reasons for becoming first a patron of Christianity and then a convert may have been, it is very important to understand what his patronage and involvement did not entail. First of all, Christianity did not become a state religion under Constantine. Christianity became the emperor’s favored religion, and this meant a diversion of wealth away from pagan cults and towards the Church, but the religion did not achieve a distinct and higher legal status until considerably later.

The establishment of Christianity (and a particular form of Christianity at that) as the official, state religion occurred later closer to the end of the century under Theodosios I, when it first became illegal to engage in public pagan religious practices. Even after this, especially in the eastern empire, secular law and ecclesiastical canons remained largely distinct and separate until fairly late in Byzantine history, and the involvement of the emperor in the Church was mostly limited to adjudicating intra-Christian doctrinal disputes. Non-Christians and heretics were under legal disadvantages because of their beliefs, but in most cases they were left in peace.

What more than a few historians and theologians have dubbed Constantinianism had nothing to do with Constantine. For that matter, it had very little to do with Byzantium later on. Like the equally mythical concept of Caesaropapism, the picture of a church intertwined with and directed by the imperial government is the product of modern historiography reacting against church-state relations that prevailed in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. The phenomenon of state churches in which the secular power ruled over the church directly began with Henry VIII and repeated itself throughout northern Europe. This particular fusion of politics and religion was a decidedly modern phenomenon, and had little to do with ancient or medieval practices in Byzantium.
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Labels: Church History, Medieval History and Theology, Politics, Protestantism, Roman (Byzantine) Empire
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The Ritual Purification of Women in Leviticus and Its Relevance for Orthodox Women Today


In the Orthodox Christian ceremony for "A Woman on the Fortieth Day", the mother, having been cleansed and washed, stands at the church entrance with her infant. On this fortieth day of life the infant, whether it be a firstborn or not [Ex. 13:2], is brought to the temple to be churched, that is, to make a beginning of being taken into the Church. A prayer is made on behalf of the mother too that her bodily defilement and the stains of her soul be washed away, and that she be made worthy of the Communion of the holy body and blood of Christ.

According to the Law of Moses in the Old Testament, the loss of blood (for women) or seed (for men) required ritual purification since it was looked upon as a diminution of the life principle and involved exclusion from Israel's religious life prior to purification. According to the law: "...the life of flesh is in its blood..." [Lev. 17:11; Deut. 12:23]; thus the uncleanness came from neither conception nor childbirth. It was in delivery that the mother's vitality (linked with her blood) was diminished. Hence, she was "separated" from the Lord, the Source of Life, until her integrity was restored by purification.

The flux, being a natural process instituted by God, and having been permitted to occur thus after the transgression, is neither a sin nor an uncleanness; "for these things are not truly sin nor uncleanness", according to Saint John Chrysostom (+ 407). The Apostolic Constitutions (Bk. IV, Ch. 26) assert that childbirth cannot pollute a woman's nature or separate her from the Holy Spirit; but only impiety and an unlawful act can do so. If actions that occur naturally and without exercise of human will are unclean, how much more unclean are sins, which we do with the exercise of our will? If God has pronounced these fluxes as "unclean", it was done in order to prevent the husband from having sexual relations with the new mother as a means to protect her in this time of weakness and possible embarrassment. This promotes the modesty of men and the honor of women, according to Isidore; and awe of the law of nature, according to Philo. Both the ancients and medical science today know that children conceived during the time of flux are often weaker in nature. So, for all these reasons, reverence and fear were instilled not only into women, but much more into the impetuous vehemence of the natural instinct of men.

More important, these laws reminded the Israelites that sex was not part of their worship, for men could not worship until they cleansed themselves. All this was done so that they might be set apart from the other ancient cultures and their idolatrous neighbors, for whom fertility rites and temple prostitutes formed an important part of worship.

(Holy Apostles Convent, The Great Synaxaristes of the Orthodox Church, pp. 72-73.)
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Labels: Canon Law, Liturgics, Old Testament, Sexual and Gender Issues
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